What Is the Oedipus Complex

Sigmund Freud coined the term Oedipus Complex to describe the rivalry a child develops with their same-sex parent for the sexual attentions of their opposite-sex parent. It is one of Freud’s most well-known but controversial ideas. Freud detailed the Oedipus Complex as part of his psychosexual stage theory of development. Key Takeaways: Oedipus Complex According to Freuds psychosexual stage theory of development, the child goes through five stages that lead to the development of his or her personality: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital.The Oedipus Complex describes the rivalry a child develops with their same-sex parent for the sexual attentions of their opposite-sex parent, and it is the major conflict of the Phallic stage of Freud’s theory, which takes place between 3 and 5 years old.While Freud proposed there was an Oedipus Complex for both girls and boys, his ideas about the complex in boys were much better developed, while his ideas about girls have been the source of a great deal of criticism. Origins The Oedipus Complex was first outlined in Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899, but he didn’t label the concept until 1910. The complex was named after the title character in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. In this Greek tragedy, Oedipus is abandoned by his parents as a baby. Then, as an adult, Oedipus unknowingly kills his father and marries his mother. Freud felt Oedipus’ lack of awareness of his predicament was much like a child’s because a child’s sexual desire for their opposite-sex parent and aggression and envy towards their same-sex parent is unconscious. Freud was more successful at developing his ideas about the complex in boys than in girls. Development of the Oedipus Complex The Oedipus Complex develops during the Phallic stage in Freud’s psychosexual stages, which takes place between the ages of 3 and 5. At that time, a boy starts to unconsciously desire his mother. However, he soon learns he can’t act on his desires. At the same time he notices his father receives the affections from his mother that he covets, causing jealousy and rivalry. Although the boy fantasizes about challenging his father, he knows he couldn’t do so in real life. Also, the boy’s confused by his conflicting feelings towards his father—although he’s envious of his father, he also loves and needs him. Furthermore, the boy develops castration anxiety, a concern that the father will castrate him as punishment for his feelings. Resolution of the Oedipus Complex The boy uses a series of defense mechanisms to resolve the Oedipus Complex. He uses repression to relegate his incestuous feelings towards his mother to the unconscious. He also represses his feelings of rivalry towards his father by identifying with him instead. By holding his father up as a role model, the boy no longer has to fight him. Instead, he learns from him and becomes more like him. It is at this point that the boy develops a superego, the conscience of the personality. The superego adopts the values of the boy’s parents and other authority figures, which gives the child an internal mechanism to guard against inappropriate impulses and actions. At each stage of Freuds theory of development, children must resolve a central conflict in order to move on to the next stage. If the child fails to do so, they will not develop a healthy adult personality. Thus, the boy must resolve the Oedipus Complex during the Phallic stage. If this doesn’t happen, in adulthood the boy will experience difficulties in the areas of competition and love. In the case of competition, the adult may apply his experience of rivalry with his father to other men, causing him to feel apprehensive and guilty about competing with them. In the case of love, the man may become mother-fixated, inadvertently seeking out significant others that resemble his mother. The Electra Complex Freud also specified an Oedipus Complex for little girls, called the Electra Complex, a reference to another Greek mythological figure. The Electra Complex begins when the girl realizes she lacks a penis. She blames her mother, developing resentment towards her as well as penis envy. At the same time, the girl starts to see her father as a love object. When she learns she can’t act on her affections for her father but her mother can, she becomes jealous of her mother. Eventually,  the girl gives up her incestuous and rivalrous feelings, identifies with the mother, and develops a superego. However, unlike Freuds conclusions about the resolution of the Oedipus Complex in little boys, he wasn’t sure why the complex resolved in little girls. Freud reasoned that perhaps the little girl is motivated by worries of the loss of her parents’ love. Freud also believed that the girl develops a weaker superego because the resolution of the girl’s complex isn’t driven by something as concrete as castration anxiety. If the girl fails to resolve the Electra Complex at the Phallic stage she may develop similar difficulties as an adult as a boy who fails to resolve the Oedipus Complex, including becoming father-fixated when it comes to significant others. Freud also noted that the disappointment the girl felt when she learned she lacked a penis could result in a masculinity complex as an adult. This could cause a woman to avoid intimacy with men because such intimacy would remind her of what she lacks. Instead, she may try to rival and surpass men by becoming excessively aggressive.   Criticisms and Controversies While the concept of the Oedipus Complex endures, many criticisms have been leveled at it over the years. Freud’s ideas about the Oedipus Complex in girls, in particular, were highly controversial from the time he first presented them. Many felt it was incorrect to apply a masculine understanding of sexuality to girls, arguing that girls’ sexuality may mature in different ways than boys. Others argued that Freud’s biases towards women were culturally based. For example, psychoanalytic writer Clara Thompson refuted Freud’s idea that penis envy is biologically based. Instead, she pointed out that girls envy boys because they often lack the same privileges and opportunities. Thus, penis envy isn’t due to a literal desire, but a symbolic one for equal rights. Some also objected to Freud’s ideas about women’s inferior morality, arguing they are reflective of his own prejudices. And in fact, research has shown that boys and girls can develop equally strong senses of morality.   In addition, while Freud argued that the Oedipus Conflict is universal, anthropologists like Malinowski countered that the nuclear family is not the standard in every culture. Malinowskis study of the Trobriand Islanders found that relationships between father and son were good. Instead, it was the sons uncle that served as his disciplinarian. In this case, then, the Oedipus Complex wouldn’t play out as Freud described. Finally, Freud’s ideas about the Oedipus Complex were developed from a single case study, that of Little Hans. Relying on only one case to draw conclusions raises questions on scientific grounds. In particular, Freud’s objectivity and the reliability of his data have been called into question. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What is an Oedipus Complex?† Verywell Mind, 20 Sept. 2018, https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-an-oedipal-complex-2795403Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Oedipal Complex.† Simply Psychology, 3 Sept. 2018, https://www.simplypsychology.org/oedipal-complex.htmlMcAdams, Dan. The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.

Columbian Exchange Essay - 2042 Words

On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus departed from Palos, Spain to begin his journey across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the first of many voyages that allowed him to explore a New World where he was able to discover plants, animals, cultures and resources that Europeans had never seen before. The sharing of these resources and combination of the Old and New World has come to be known as the Columbian Exchange. During these explorations, the Europeans brought diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, typhoid and bubonic plague to the New World, wiping out entire Indian populations. There were also many other populations wiped out due to complications that came from this exchange. Were these explorations and the wiping out of entire†¦show more content†¦To get to his destination, Columbus used instruments such as celestial navigation, astrolabe, quadrant and dead reckoning. He spotted land in October of 1492 and decided to explore. When the very first settlers arrived to the New World, they brought many changes, which had a large impact on the physical areas of the new world. The Europeans needed labor, which led to the import of slaves from Africa. As the explorers came to the New World and began to make changes, the Native American population began to drastically decline while the European population in the New World began to increase. More and more people began to move to cities instead of staying in rural areas, which created more urbanized living. Before Columbus crossed the Atlantic, different parts of the world had been developing on their own. The Eastern and Western hemispheres were completely separate and they had no way of trading or communication. The people were all completely different, having been brought up in completely different cultures. They each had their own set of diseases, plants, animals and crops. However, this was all about to change with the exploration of the New World by Columbus and the other Europeans. When the Europeans first arrived, some of the Native Americans thought they might be Gods while others thought of them as invaders. However, they began to communicate, and they began to learn about what the other culture had to offer. PositiveShow MoreRelatedAlfred W. Crosbys Article The Columbian Voyages, The Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians769 Words   |  4 Pages In his article â€Å"The Columbian Voyages, the Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians†, Alfred W. Crosby seems to think that much of the Columbian voyages and what came out of them was detrimental to many cultures, most of all the Native Americans. Crosby brings up many institutions and ideologies to re-enforce his opinion, such as the slave trade and the conquest of many Native American cultures. 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The Columbian Exchange introduced many foo ds that are still essential to consumption in today’s world along with the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. The potato is a prime example of how the Columbian Exchange changed global consumption patterns because it was nutritious and had an abundant amount of calories in it and caused a mass population increaseRead Morecolumbian exchange817 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Columbian Exchange The Columbian exchange created an enormous interchange of various political ideas, cultures, foods, diseases, animals, and people between the old world and the new world, this give and take relationship caused many changes some positive and some negative between the two areas and help redistribute resources between the two hemispheres. There were many positive things that happened as a result of the Columbian exchange. Potatoes and corn became major food sources forRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange1317 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantic and vipers on the other. After 1492, human voyagers in part reversed this tendency. Their artificial re-establishment of connections through the commingling of Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria, commonly known as the Columbian Exchange, is one of the more spectacular and significant ecological events of the past millennium. When Europeans first touched the shores of the Americas, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the AtlanticRead MoreIndians And The Columbian Exchange1487 Words   |  6 Pages The Columbian Exchange is a huge exchange of goods and ideas between the old world and the new world. The old world is considered Europe, Asia and Africa and the new world is considered America. Their colonies started to trade with each other and that’s when they formed the Columbian Exchange. Many countries were involved in this trade, including China, Africa and Italy. The exchange of the new ideas, traditions, food, religion and diet changed cultures everywhere. The Natives gave and receivedRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange Statistics782 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange Statistics By the Numbers Estimated population of Europe in 1492: about 60 million Estimated population of the Americas in 1492: 40-100 million Estimated population of Europe in 1800: 150 million Estimated population of the Americas in 1800: 25 million (the vast majority of whom were of European or African descent) Major domesticated animals in the New World in 1492: dog, llama Major domesticated animals in the Old World in 1492: horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, chickenRead MoreImpact Of The Columbian Exchange909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange was an event that was very impactful on modern day. The Columbian Exchange was the widespread trade of plants, animals, guns, and diseases. It occured between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Examples of products that the Americas contributed are turkey, squash, and potatoes. Examples of products that Europe contributed are horses, sugar, and smallpox. Columbian exchange was a huge impact on our modern day world because it changed war and hunting, it introduced new ingredientsRead MoreEssay On The Columbian Exchange816 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange The discovery of the New world or America in the year 1492, and The Columbian Exchange it played a significant role on bring resources to various parts of the world. It brought the exchange of various resources like plants, animals, and diseases across the world. The year was 1492 is when Christopher set sail and put in motion The Columbian Exchange or also known as The Great Exchange. The Columbian Exchange affected the geographic location with the trading routes withRead MoreImpact Of The Columbian Exchange970 Words   |  4 PagesCrosby used the term â€Å"Columbian Exchange† for this significant event. In general, the Columbian Exchange has not only changed Europeans and Native Americas ways of life but also helped to shape the world today. First of all, the changes in agriculture has a great impact on both the Old World and the New in terms of culture and economy. The popular New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc travel to the Old Worlds during the Columbian Exchange. Thanks to the suitable

Cultural Management between Cambodia & Turkey-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the "Cross Cultural Management between Cambodia and Turkey". Answer: Introduction The name Cambodia is derived from the French word Cambodge that came from the word Khmer which means born of Kambu. Cambodia is located between Vietnam and Thailand under the mainland Southeast Asia. The most central place economically and culturally is lowland flood plain of Tonle Sap Lake and Mekong River. Though Cambodia has coastline on Thailand that coast is separated from central flood plain through the mountains. Thereafter, during 1950s roads and railroads were constructed for providing ready access to coastal port towns (Mazanec et al. 2015). The economy of the country is dominated by the agriculture of wet rice and the iconic image of countryside is one of the rice paddies that are scattered with sugar palms. The people of Cambodia mostly speak in Khmer language and the people mainly belong to the Vietnamese, Mon and various other Asian languages. On the other hand, Turkey is located at crossroads of Balkans, Middle East, Caucasus and the eastern Mediterranean. With regard to population and territory Turkey is among larger nations and the land area of Turkey is more than any of the European state. Turkeys modern history started in the beginning of the 20th century and after the country became repuplic, the leaders from Turkey started working for modernizing the location and brought various fragments together that was formed during war. The economy of the country is still developing and it is the wide mix of traditional agriculture and modern industry and 30% of the countrys employment consists of agriculture (Bakir et al. 2015). Major agricultural products of Turkey are hazelnuts, citrus, sugar beets, grains, cotton, tobacco and livestock and the main industries of Turkey are food processing, textiles, electronics, petroleum, steel, paper, lumber and construction. Turkeys climate is temperate and has wet and mild winters, dry and high summers. Cultural dimension of Hofstedes theory This theory establishes the framework that revolves around the cross-cultural engagements that were formed by Geert Hofstede. Collectively the dimensions state the cultural impact on the society base on different cultures, relationship among behaviour and values in association with analysis of various factors. To be more specific, this theory takes into account significant approaches of culture and delivers them the rating based on the comparison scale (Hofstede 2017). Leadership styles The style of leadership can be explained from various aspects and can be stated in different ways. The style of leadership is the one that employs the person based on the environment that is to be used and the groups on which the style is to be used. The leadership style under Hofstedes concept includes the power distance, individualism and masculinity (Mladenovi? et al. 2017). Power distance Power distance states the level at which the person is comfortable with the distribution of authority or power of any organization. The people from Cambodia have high level of power distance as compared to the Europeans. The culture of the country honours the referent powers and observes a clear demarcation among the subordinates and superiors, old and young. Obedience, allegiance and respect to the superiors or the higher authorities considered as highly desirable (Saleem and Larimo 2017). On the other hand, in Turkey, the major decisions are always taken by the most important and elder people for favouring the other people in group. The head of the family always takes the household decisions. However, as the people are now getting stronger, independent, educated and divorced parents, the situations are also getting changed. In the same way, the business and education world, leaders are no longer exist but the bosses feels themselves as superior to others. Collectivism vs. Individualism It is the measurement of strength of ties of the people with others in the community. A community with high level of collectivism score will have strong group consistency and therefore, will exhibit the high level of respect and loyalty among the members whereas under individualism the ties among the individuals are loose and everyone is expected to take care of her or him or the immediate family (Gholipour and Tajaddini 2014). Cambodia falls under high collectivism society and therefore the group welfare is valued higher as compared to the individuals. On the other hand, Turkey falls under highly individualism society and the people are generally concerned about themselves, their families and immediate families. In working place also the employees are concerned about themselves and do not consult while taking any decisions. Feminity vs. Masculinity It measures the level at which the culture values the traditional female and male roles. Under the traditional male roles the virtues are competitive and assertive and the traditional female role virtues are caring and modesty. A culture that has high score for masculinity creates a gap among the mens and womens values and a culture with low masculinity values the women (Hofstede 2014). Cambodia falls under the predominant feminine culture and they place high value on the people, nurturing and life quality. Meeting the basic requirements are sufficient to fulfil their needs. On the other hand, Turkey falls under the border of feminine or masculine culture. Boys dont reveal their emotions and they dont cry too, however, they are supposed to protect their women. Their most important goal is to earn money whereas the women are supposed to take care of their kids, husband and families. With the changing time, the women are now getting educated, earning money and stand by the all problems of the life (Minkov and Hofstede 2014). Long-term orientation Long-term orientation is concerned about the future, short-term social or material success and short-term gratification. It states the scenario with regard to the adaptability, perseverance and persistent. It is defined as the way of communication that includes voice tone, body gestures, physical distance among the communicators, weather, time of the day, societal norms, place of the communication, situation and external factors (Degens et al. 2017). Two type of approaches are there low context and high context. High context mainly assign the importance to the surrounding of a message and the secondary importance to message itself. Under the high-context communication more time is required to take any decision and perform the transactions as compared to the low context cultures. On the contrary, low context cultures allocate the primary meaning of objective communication message and then the secondary meaning to context. Under the low-context communication it emphasizes accuracy, sp eed and efficiency. The low-context communications are logical, action oriented, linear and big part of the data is formalized and explicit and the communications are supposed to be proceeded in explicit, verbal and rational way. Cambodia falls under the high context communication and prefers the implicit language and collect most of the data from the communication context instead of using the actual code. The people from the country tend to share their experience through communication. In the same way, the employees communicate for conveying various emotional response and they expect the group members to follow and know the required protocol while interacting (Beugelsdijk, Kostova and Roth 2017). Further, they consider it inappropriate for publically discussing the problem of an individual. Criticism, if required, is indirectly or privately done. Questions regarding the issues are talked about to deal with the issues and find out a positive response. On the other hand, European cou ntries like Turkey fall under the low context communication culture. The information transmitted by explicit, direct and clear way. There are very little or no gap for the communication from the receivers as well as transmitters ends. Moreover, the clear and direct transformation of information is appreciated whereas, the ambiguity is not liked (AlAnezi and Alansari 2016). Decision making Unlike the other aspects of Hofstedes concept decision making style is not same as the organizational and management aspect. The decision making approach is useful means to understand the managers, their problem solving approach and the decision making ability for interacting with other people in the organization. The culture of the country has an impact on the decision making process by the managers or others to solve the problems (Upadhyaya, and Rittenburg 2015). Cultural contingencies for decision making process are as follows 5 steps for decision-making Cultural variations Problem solving approach Acceptance of situation 1. Recognition of Problem Situations shall be changed Few situations shall be accepted instead of changing 2. Search of information Gathering the facts Gathering the possibilities and ideas 3. Alternative construction Future-oriented, new alternatives can be changed and learnt Future-present-past oriented alternatives substantially cannot be changed 4. Choice The responsibilities of decision making are delegated and decisions are taken quickly The senior managers takes the decisions and the decisions are taken slowly 5. Implementation Process is slow as the single person is responsible for all the responsibilities Process is fast as it involves participation from all groups Segregation of the styles of decision making are made on the basis of democracy and autocracy as opposite poles of same scale (Rienties and Tempelaar 2013). Six alternatives under the decision making style are as follows Serial No. Type Definition for decision-making style 1. Autocratic Generally, the person involved makes his own decision or solve the problem using the information that is available without consulting the subordinates 2. Consultative Generally, the persons consults the subordinates and then take the major decision after analysing various alternatives 3. Pseudo-consultative The person consults with the subordinates, however, it does not mean that he considers their ideas while making decision 4. Participative The person analyze and share the issues with the subordinates under the group, analyse the alternatives and then arrive at the major decision 5. Pseudo-Participative Normally the person analyze and share the issues with the subordinates under the group, analyse the alternatives to establish the right decision and inform the subordinates regarding what he thinks to be right and then carries out the process of decision vote. 6. Delegatory Generally, the subordinates are asked to take the decision on their own. The consumers decision making style in Cambodia is involved with the mental orientation strategy the consumer has towards the choice selection. The people in Cambodia are of participative or delegatory type as they falls under highly collectivism and the manager does not make their own decision without discussion it with their subordinates (Samaha, Beck and Palmatier 2014). Further, in Cambodia the group welfare is valued higher as compared to the individuals. On the other hand, Turkey falls under highly individualism society and the people are generally concerned about themselves, their families and immediate families. In working place also the employees are concerned about themselves and do not consult while taking any decisions. Further, they make their decision based on the autocratic type of communication and the person involved makes his own decision or solve the problem using the information that is available without consulting the subordinates (Putnam and Gartstein 2017). Managing teams The difference in culture has an impact on the creation of efficient team management. While managing teams, various things those are required to be taken care of for the positive performance of the team are Creation of various opportunities for the members of the team and knowing each other better (group orientation) regarding their work capabilities and experience (individual orientation) Find out the thinking and judgements of the team members and what they think about the efficient team member and efficient leader (preference of power distance). The team members shall be asked regarding what they feel as barrier in performing the efficient team work. The answer shall be different based on the cultural difference. These answers shall be discussed and acknowledged (Chien Iet al. 2016). Set the protocols for the team for leadership, communication, meeting, conflict management and decision making, which in turn will reflect the languages and cultural diversity of the team. Human interactions shall be tracked through preparing the questionnaire so that the potential culture can be identified and the issues can be processed before it reaches at the serious level. The fact shall be acknowledged that not meeting with the team members face-to-face may have negative impact on the members. Time shall be taken out for learning something regarding the difference in culture represented within the team. If possible, a culture mentor shall be found out. Shall speak distinctly and shall avoid the usages of jargon, sport analogies and telling of the jokes. Summarize and paraphrase the discussion more frequently. In Cambodia, as they fall under highly collectivism culture, group welfare is valued higher as compared to the individuals. The management before taking any decisions consult their team members and the decisions are taken for the benefit of the team. On the other hand, Turkey falls under highly individualism society and the people are generally concerned about themselves, their families and immediate families. In working place also the employees are concerned about themselves and do not consult while taking any decisions. Further, they make their decision based on the autocratic type of communication and the person involved makes his own decision or solve the problem using the information that is available without consulting the subordinates. The managers are less concerned about the team members and while making decisions the views of the team members are generally ignored. Indulgence vs. restraint It states the level at which the societies have control on the desires and impulses. As per Hofstede, the culture is collective programme of the mind that segregates among different category of people. Cambodia falls under indulgence nature and believes in freedom and enjoyment of the people in group whereas, Turkey falls under restraint culture and does not allow freedom and enjoyment of the people in group. Uncertain avoidance It is the tolerance level of a society for ambiguity and uncertainty. Under the Hofstedes concept the high value is placed on the time of the people and their requirement of their freedom and privacy and it acknowledges the individual accomplishments. Further, the system based on the valuation of feminity or masculinity. Further, the education and thrift are considered as positive values whereas the people who are willing for compromising will have lower valuation. The value system of Cambodia is based upon its collectivist nature (Kim 2017). It values the independence and self-sufficiency, self interest of the group over the individual interest. However, in Turkey as the people are of individualism nature, it does not value the group enjoyment and values the concentration on self or maximum to the dear and near ones and are concerned about fulfilment of their own goals, needs and interests. Conclusion As per the above discussion it is concluded that as far as the international business is under consideration, the cultural dimensions plays an important role. The manner, in which the different cultures are viewed, can assist the manager to sail and understand the various concepts of international business. With regard to the cultural dimensions, Cambodias business market significantly varies with that of Turkey. The people from Cambodia have high level of power distance as compared to the Europeans, whereas the people from Turkey have low level of power distance. Further, the Cambodian people have collectivist and feminist culture. They prefer to take the decisions collectively and concerned about the team members benefits. Further, they value their women as like the men. On the other hand, turkey has individualism and masculinity culture. They are concerned about themselves or their near and dear ones. Further, the women are supposed to do the household works and take care of their babies, husbands and family members. In Cambodia, important decisions are taken only after discussing the points with subordinates whereas in Turkey, the decisions are mainly taken by the top level management people or the head of the family. References AlAnezi, A. and Alansari, B., 2016. Gender differences in Hofstede's cultural dimensions among a Kuwaiti sample.European Psychiatry,33, pp.S503-S504. Bakir, A., Blodgett, J.G., Vitell, S.J. and Rose, G.M., 2015. A preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of Hofstedes cross cultural dimensions. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 226-232). Springer, Cham. Beugelsdijk, S., Kostova, T. and Roth, K., 2017. An overview of Hofstede-inspired country-level culture research in international business since 2006.Journal of International Business Studies,48(1), pp.30-47. Chien, S.Y., Sycara, K., Liu, J.S. and Kumru, A., 2016, September. Relation between Trust Attitudes Toward Automation, Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions, and Big Five Personality Traits. InProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting(Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 841-845). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. Degens, N., Endrass, B., Hofstede, G.J., Beulens, A. and Andr, E., 2017. What I see is not what you get: why culture-specific behaviours for virtual characters should be user-tested across cultures.AI society,32(1), pp.37-49. Gholipour, H.F. and Tajaddini, R., 2014. Cultural dimensions and outbound tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,49, pp.203-205. Hofstede, G., 2013. Hofstede cultural dimensions theory. Hofstede, G., 2014. nd, Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions: Understanding Workplace Values Around the World.Mind Tools Ltd, viewed,5. Hofstede, G., 2017. Cultural Dimensions: Country comparison. Kim, S., 2017. National culture and public service motivation: investigating the relationship using Hofstedes five cultural dimensions.International Review of Administrative Sciences,83(1_suppl), pp.23-40. Mazanec, J.A., Crotts, J.C., Gursoy, D. and Lu, L., 2015. Homogeneity versus heterogeneity of cultural values: An item-response theoretical approach applying Hofstede's cultural dimensions in a single nation.Tourism Management,48, pp.299-304. Minkov, M. and Hofstede, G., 2014. A replication of Hofstedes uncertainty avoidance dimension across nationally representative samples from Europe.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,14(2), pp.161-171. Mladenovi?, S.S., Mladenovi?, I., Milovan?evi?, M. and Deni?, N., 2017. Cross-cultural dimensions influence on business internationalization by soft computing technique.Computers in Human Behavior,75, pp.865-869. Putnam, S.P. and Gartstein, M.A., 2017. Aggregate temperament scores from multiple countries: Associations with aggregate personality traits, cultural dimensions, and allelic frequency.Journal of Research in Personality,67, pp.157-170. Rienties, B. and Tempelaar, D., 2013. The role of cultural dimensions of international and Dutch students on academic and social integration and academic performance in the Netherlands.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), pp.188-201. Saleem, S. and Larimo, J., 2017. Hofstede cultural framework and advertising research: An assessment of the literature. InAdvances in Advertising Research (Vol. VII)(pp. 247-263). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Samaha, S.A., Beck, J.T. and Palmatier, R.W., 2014. The role of culture in international relationship marketing.Journal of Marketing,78(5), pp.78-98. 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Police Brutality Essays (9057 words) - Law Enforcement, Government

Police Brutality In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens' rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform , education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this significant differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Problems arise , however, when one side is told what to do by another, as there is bound to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for abusive behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are more and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with abusive behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are serving--not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselves against over-aggressive officers who take advantage of their position as badg e and gun holders to intimidate and abuse civilians for personal or departmental goals. Such conflicts have significant implications on departmental and administrative policy procedures. One of the main police abuse problems is physical brutality. The main goal here should be to get the police departments to adopt and enforce a written policy governing the use of physical force. The policy should restrict physical force to the narrowest possible range of specific situations. For example, there should be limitations on the use of hand-to-hand combat, batons, mace, stun guns, and firearms. However, limiting polices' actions will bring much debate, especially from police officers and administrators themselves. Many feel that their firepower is already too weak to battle the weapons criminals have on the streets, and limiting their legality of gun use will not only endanger them, but the innocent bystanders who must endure the hierarchy gun power creates in the benefit of criminals. For instance, not only should officers use brutality in very limited situations, to help curtail unwarranted use, but policies should require officers to file a written report after any use of physical force, regardless of how seemingly insignificant. That report should then be automatically reviewed by superior officers. It is necessary to involve superior officers so that a tolerance of brutality is not established, and an atmosphere conducive to police abuse is not created. Police may feel that such action would be burdensome. This is so because police often already feel burdened and restrained by policy and paperwork which takes a large amount of their on-duty time. When will police be required to do paperwork on how long and what was done during each coffee break to ensure tax payers are getting their every seconds worth? There must be a reasonable balance between civilian intervention and administration. Although, if every incidence of police abuse was requested to be reported, how many actually would be? Maybe only those serious enough, as depicted in new guidelines, would make it, leaving some space for officers to exert pressure without crossing serious and abusive policy. Another tactic to control police brutality is to establish a system to identify officers who have been involved in an inordinate number of incidents that include the inappropriate use of physical force. The incidents should then be investigated. For those officers who are frequently involved in unnecessary police brutality, they