Psychology Case Write Up Essay

1. What traits are prominent in these cases? Name two or three from the Big Five and give examples from each person’s behavior, emotional reactions or thought processes as ‘evidence’. Shirley: Shirley seems to not be open to new experiences. At age 57 she has put herself back into psychotherapy. The childhood with a drunken and possible depressed mother seem to play part in the way she raised her children. Where now she only has active contact with one of her daughters and struggles to accept the fact that the other daughter is gay and the son is living in a halfway house. She married an abusive husband which correlates to the men her mother used to date who used to abuse Shirley. Death seems to be a continuous cycle of experiences for Shirley. Her mother died then her first husband, second husband and then her child. She seems to be continuously living the same life over and over and nothing new really happening. An event that does interfere with openness is the fact that she did become a lay minister; open to helping others. Conflicting because she is able to admit she potentially could be an alcoholic but refers to it as a â€Å"problem†. So I would assume she wants something new but the conflict starts when she exhibits the same behaviors over and over. Shirley seems to be an extrovert. Although she struggles with depression she still shows signs of wanting to be around people and have some interaction. She decided to go back to psychotherapy which involves group interaction or one-on-one meetings. There is still the effort of keeping in touch with one daughter. It seems Shirley didn’t like being alone hence the reason she re-married after her first husband died and joined the lay ministry when her second husband died. Perhaps the reason for connecting with people is a way for her to not worry about herself as much. For example she works for the state and is a lay minister but states â€Å"herself as â€Å"mentally ill†, but that she ‘may’ also have a drinking ‘problem'†. Greg: Greg seems to be conscientious in some areas and not so much in others. He graduated college with his masters but has a hard time completing his work on the job. Perhaps the reason he struggles with communicating to the children’s parents could be a reason why he isn’t close to his colleagues; lack of assertiveness. He has never developed a relationship with his father and isn’t completely honest with his mother in regards to his sexuality. He seems to be a great achiever within himself but dealing or doing things for something else is where he struggles. For example â€Å"has trouble being assertive and setting limits both with clients and colleagues but he works out at the gym and is quite muscular†. Greg seems to be an extrovert. He enjoys singing in the

Linguistics Essay

The first is that there may be an over-preoccupation with one particular feature that may well minimise the significance of others that are equally important. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that any attempt to see a text as simply a collection of stylistic elements will tend to ignore other ways whereby meaning is produced. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) Implicature In ‘Poetic Effects’ from Literary Pragmatics, the linguist Adrian Pilkington analyses the idea of ‘implicature’, as instigated in the previous work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson. Implicature may be divided into two categories: ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ implicature, yet between the two extremes there are a variety of other alternatives. The strongest implicature is what is emphatically implied by the speaker or writer, while weaker implicatures are the wider possibilities of meaning that the hearer or reader may conclude. Pilkington’s ‘poetic effects’, as he terms the concept, are those that achieve most relevance through a wide array of weak implicatures and not those meanings that are simply ‘read in’ by the hearer or reader. Yet the distinguishing instant at which weak implicatures and the hearer or reader’s conjecture of meaning diverge remains highly subjective. As Pilkington says: ‘there is no clear cut-off point between assumptions which the speaker certainly endorses and assumptions derived purely on the hearer’s responsibility. ’ (Pilkington. 1991, 53) In addition, the stylistic qualities of poetry can be seen as an accompaniment to Pilkington’s poetic effects in understanding a poem’s meaning. Stylistics is a valuable if long-winded approach to criticism, and compels attention to the poem’s details. Two of the three simple exercises performed here show that the poem is deficient in structure, and needs to be radically recast. The third sheds light on its content. Introduction Stylistics applies linguistics to literature in the hope of arriving at analyses which are more broadly based, rigorous and objective. {1} The pioneers were the Prague and Russian schools, but their approaches have been appropriated and extended in recent years by radical theory. Stylistics can be evaluative (i. e. udge the literary worth on stylistic criteria), but more commonly attempts to simply analyze and describe the workings of texts which have already been selected as noteworthy on other grounds. Analyses can appear objective, detailed and technical, even requiring computer assistance, but some caution is needed. Linguistics is currently a battlefield of contending theories, with no settlement in sight. Many critics have no formal training in linguistics, or even proper reading, and are apt to build on theories (commonly those of Saussure or Jacobson) that are inappropriate and/or no longer accepted. Some of the commonest terms, e. g. deep structure, foregrounding, have little or no experimental support. {2} Linguistics has rather different objectives, moreover: to study languages in their entirety and generality, not their use in art forms. Stylistic excellence — intelligence, originality, density and variety of verbal devices — play their part in literature, but aesthetics has long recognized that other aspects are equally important: fidelity to experience, emotional shaping, significant content.

Preparation of Identification by Ir and Nmr Spectroscopy Essay

The reactive acid chloride can then be treated with a primary or secondary amine to give the amide along with HCl, which reacts with the excess amine to give an alkylammonium chloride salt. The mechanism of this process is shown on the following page in Scheme 22: [pic] Scheme 2 To carry out this reaction, the apparatus shown in Figure 1 will be assembled. The apparatus must be dry, since thionyl chloride will react with water to give sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride. The acid chloride will then be cooled to room temperature and dissolved in anhydrous ether. Ice-cold diethylamine will be added as a solution in anhydrous ether to form the amide. The resulting ether mixture will washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide (to remove any excess acid chloride), then washed with hydrochloric acid (to remove any excess diethylamine). The resulting ether solution of DEET will be dried and evaporated to yield the crude product, which will then be purified by column chromatography to afford pure DEET. The percent yield from m-toluic acid will be determined and the product will be analyzed by transmission infrared spectroscopy (IR) as a neat sample using NaCl plates5 to confirm its structure by (1) looking at the major absorptions and comparing them to a correlation table6 and (2) by comparing the spectrum to that of an authentic sample. Thionyl chloride is toxic and corrosive! Do not breath the vapors! Use in a hood! When heating a reaction apparatus, be sure that it is open to the air so that pressure build up and subsequent rupture of the apparatus does not occur. When heating liquids, make sure the liquid is stirred (or a boiling chip is added) to prevent â€Å"bumping†. When performing an extraction, make sure to vent the separatory funnel often to prevent pressure build-up. The apparatus shown in Figure 1 was assembled. The 10-mL reaction flask was charged with 0. 275 g of m-toluic acid (0. 0020 mol) and 0. 30 mL of thionyl chloride (0. 492 g, 0. 0041 mol). The condenser water was started, and the mixture was gently heated with stirring on an aluminum block (block temp ~ 90 oC) until boiling started. The reaction mixture was then gently boiled for about 15 minutes. After the boiling period was finished, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. 4. 0 mL of anhydrous ether were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until a homogeneous mixture was obtained. To this solution was added (dropwise over a 15 minute period) a solution of 0. 6 mL of cold (0 oC) diethylamine (0. 462 g, 0. 0063 mol) in 1. 33 mL of anhydrous ether. During the addition, a thick white cloud of diethylamine hydrochloride was formed. After complete addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 10 minutes. 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 mL) was then added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 15 minutes at room temperature, then poured into a separatory funnel and allowed to separate. The aqueous layer was discarded, and the organic layer was washed with an additional portion of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 mL), followed by a portion of 10% hydrochloric acid (2 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (2 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to yield crude N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide as dark brown liquid. The crude product was filtered through a short alumina column using hexane as the eluent (~ 5 mL). The hexane solution was evaporated to give 0. 340 g of pure N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide as a yellow liquid. Reaction of m-toluic acid with thionyl chloride, followed by diethylamine produced 0. 340 g of a yellow liquid the IR spectrum of which unequivocally showed the presence of the amide carbonyl functional group at 1633 cm-1. In addition, absorptions due to aliphatic C-H (2980 – 2880 cm-1), and aromatic C=C (at 1585 cm-1). The IR spectrum is attached to this report. These data are consistent with the structure of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), shown in Figure 2 below: [pic] Figure 2: N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) In addition, the IR of the product closely corresponds with that of an authentic sample of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) shown in the lab text. 9 Also, the 1H-NMR shows the presence of four (4) aromatic protons in the region 7. 3 – 7. 1 ppm, as well as a three (3) proton singlet at 2. 35 ppm, which corresponds to the benzylic methyl group. The presence of two ethyl groups is clearly shown by the presence of two quartets which integrate to 2 protons each at 3. 53 and 3. 24 ppm, and two triplets which integrate to 3 protons each at 1. 23 and 1. 09 ppm.

Financial Analysis of Tesco Supermarket Research Paper

Financial Analysis of Tesco Supermarket - Research Paper Example For a potential investor, the stock of Tesco Plc is strongly recommended as better investment than its rival because it provides higher gains in the long-run. The performance of a business organization is quantitatively reflected in its financial statements. Ascertaining the financial health of a company has become important to different decision makers like managers, stockholders, potential investors and creditors. As such, it becomes important to evaluate the financial situation of any business organization to identify their relative strengths and weaknesses. In order to accomplish this task, this report will utilize financial ratio analysis. From its humble beginning as a one-man business in 1919, Tesco is now highly regarded for its size and strength in the global retailing industry. Tesco is engaged in international grocery and general merchandising retail chain. It is named as the largest retailer in Britain in terms of global sales and domestic market share. During 2006, it is estimated that in every 8 spent is UK retail sales, 1 is spent on Tesco indicating its strong foothold of the market (Tesco Plc 2007). The success of Tesco is based on a fourfold long term growth strategy: "to grow the core UK business; to become a successful international retailer; to be as strong in food as in non-food; and to develop retailing services such as Tesco personal finance, Telecoms; and Tesco.com" (Tesco Plc). With this, Tesco has established presence in international markets such as Ireland, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan, and China and has complemented its core business with retailer service business such as online shopping, personal finance, and telecoms. In order to comply with regulatory requirements, Tesco has adopted the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in preparing its financial statements in the fiscal year 2005 (from UK GAAP). The adoption of IFRS is expected to lower the reported turnover and net income and increase debt. As with any other business organization, the company also recognizes the presence of risks and uncertainties in its operations. Financially, Tesco is facing challenges in "the availability of fund to meet business needs, the risk of default by counter-parties to financial transactions, and fluctuations in interest and foreign exchange rates" (Tesco Plc 2007). In order to ensure fund availability, Tesco employs policy which includes smoothing the debt maturity profile, arranging funding ahead of requirements and

Homework # 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework # 2 - Essay Example There are several ways in which to impeach a witness at trial. Here, because the proceedings are criminal in nature, we would be dealing with the federal rules of evidence and also the federal rules of criminal procedure. Impeachment tools such as opinion, reputation and specific Instances (Fed. Ru. Evid. 608), is based upon opinion or reputation testimony. This type of evidence is only admissible after the character of the witness is attacked by evidence of any form. Here for example, since Ralph noted on his application that he never had an accident, his driving record could be introduced as evidence to impeach his testimony, the testimony being Ralph's application (which is considered to be a federal document because it is submitted to the port authority which is a government entity) and demonstrate that it was false, thus proving that Ralph has a propensity to lie. Furthermore, any witnesses on Ralph's behalf would be properly questioned in order to impeach Ralph's character for truthfulness as well. (Fed. Ru. Evid. 608). It is true that Ed Norton would testify that Ralph is a great guy and a terrific friend, but he has no business or employment relationship with Ralph. It should be noted that Ed as a character witness will be questioned about specific instances of conduct on part of the Ralph as the principal witness to test his knowledge on Ralph's character. Thus Ed may be questioned on whether Ralph ever told him about his high school suspension. It must be noted that any defense attorney worth their salt would immediately object to the question if at the time of Ralph's arrest, the high school suspension was over ten years old. This rule applies if more than ten years has elapsed since the later date between the following: (1) the date of the conviction and (2) release of the witness from the confinement imposed for that conviction . Here, it is true that Ralph was not convicted at the time his suspension for a crime related to it. One might first think that the suspension would not find its' way into trial however there are exceptions to this rule of evidence. Specific instances of misconduct that did not result in a conviction can be admitted for impeachment purposes if the scope of its admission is to demonstrate the witnesses character for truthfulness, in the discretion of the court the probative value of the question outweighs any prejudice to the defendant; the evidence is offered in good faith; the act has a direct bearing on the veracity of the witness with regards to the issues being litigated. It cannot be understated that extrinsic evidence of specific instances of prior bad acts is not permitted when their only relevance is to impeach the witnesses credibility. Thus, it appears that Ralph's high school suspension would be admitted at trial. It should be noted again that the trial court enjoys immense discretion so the ten year limitation may be construed by the court to apply to non convicted prior bad acts. For example, if Ralph is 25 at the time of trial, the suspension may be admitted, but if he is 35 at the time of trial, it most likely will not. Finally, we do not usually see this type of evidence offered unless the parties know each other. Fed. Ru. Evid 613, applies to the prior inconsistent statements of a witness. Here, Ralph is prepared to testify that he never said "That could just as easily have been your head." In examining a witness

An Articular About the Strategic Performance of Mitchell & Butler Essay

An Articular About the Strategic Performance of Mitchell & Butler - Essay Example So what makes this possible in a world where luxury is about taking pleasure in life in the best of the hospitality facilities in the world? It lays in the corporations operations that are divided into two business divisions namely â€Å"Pubs and bars† and â€Å"Restaurants†. Mitchells and Butlers Company owns and operates a considerable number of pubs, bars and restaurants, and this is, in addition to a number of, hotels that are located in the same place, but different venues with the pubs and restaurants. What has been done to tap into the worlds market and better their services for competitive advantage? The business divisions operate under different brands such as Sizzlin pub Co and Vintage inns. These are just two out of the available twenty four, and are as a result of the company’s first merger of midlands family businesses to form Mitchells and Butlers back in 1898. This was just the start of mergers the company would be involved in, and this was experie nced in 1961 and 2010 after the purchase of HaHa Bar and Grill businesses, and this gives way to All Bar One and Brown Brands. Now who said that organizations should cut on costs by utilizing the available resources to achieve the best? This is certainly Mitchell and Butler’s management which has affected team work. ... Food has now replaced drinks in terms of percentage of sales increasing from 31% five years ago to 47%. The business strategy of the company was born out of the January 2012; Board members’ review that was conducted on the business with a view of modernizing and developing the company into a favorite in the food enterprise business. The review outlined the developments that came up in the last 55days after evaluating the organization. The business entity was a strong, financially sound with solvable setbacks backed with a vast reserve of assets, brands and an efficient management team. This came in line with the significant expansion in the total figure of brands produced by the company and abundant opportunities aimed at downsizing the portfolio of the brands, reduction of expenses, recovering the margins and managing incentives. The company vision was to be used as a typical extent of food and beverages in the foodstuff industry. An interview with the company’s execut ive chairman Mr. Bob Ivell revealed that the company has its eyes set on success by ensuring that their business attract and retain customers. The company wants to utilize the fresh and quality products which in turn dictate the prices. The business entity base its tactics on a recent research that outlined that food records 42billion dollars of the total 71 billion for food together with beverage in the market. This is to maintain competitive advantage over their competitors. Introduction of Landmark Beer guidelines in the year 1989 altered everything, save for rapid evolution of innovative brands similar to brands like Browns, O’Neill and bars, taking into account the economic situation at that time. It is noteworthy that the company had got a share in

Music under Stalin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Music under Stalin - Essay Example The RAPM which dominated the 1920s and 1930s also advocated for anti-Western aesthetics that could be seen in works such as Lady Macbeth and led to the realization of the commencement of the Soviet musical history. Members of this group such as Marian Koval became one of the greatest critics of the works of Shostakovich (Edmund 2000, p. 88). There were other groups that were not as influential as RAPM such as Muzyka-massam which translates to music to the masses founded in 1929 to produce music to the citizens. Much, later, there has been political meaning given to the music written by Russian composers such as Shostakovich in which the works were overtly propagandist in nature such as the Eleventh Symphony that were a protest against the Soviet Union under Stalin. Shostakovich also composed music that could be said to be formalist when the RAPM was influential such as the opera â€Å"The Nose† and the ballets â€Å"Bolt and The Golden Age† that showed disdain for the m usic performed by RAPM. Despite the good works by artists such as Shostakovich and Prokofiev amongst other composers, they underwent a lot of repression in the year 1948 when the regime through its secretary general issued a decree denouncing them for their formalism and thus their music was suppressed with no publications or performances. Music under Stalin The Soviet regime’s under Stalin and those who adopted Stalinism had a stranglehold on the music that was supposed to be produced and composed that made creativity a difficult affair. However, some artists such as Shostakovich, Prokofiev and others managed to create musical masterpieces with distinct messages mainly to counter propaganda and inspire revolutionary purposes amongst the masses (Fairclough 2012, p. 68). There is still very limited understanding of the Soviet reality as concerns the music that was played and performed under Stalin. This incomprehension often leads to the misunderstanding and misrepresentation of the motivations and activities of those who composed and performed music including their meaning in the Soviet Union under Stalin. For example Shostakovich rarely explained his musical pieces with a program emphasizing no reference or illusions to his attitude towards the Soviet regime. Instead, he preferred confiding in a circle of friends whom he could t rust as discussing his music elsewhere would have killed his musical career. The revered Russian composer Rodion Shchedrin states that during the 1950s, nobody wanted to go to the gulag as at that time there was no independent judiciary in Russia as the Communist party was the only jury with Stalin as the assumed judge. There is clear evidence that music was mostly composed for the omnipotent regime which sought to control the citizens both physically and spiritually as shown by the music of Prokofiev and Shostakovich. These two geniuses of Russian music were later accused amongst other Soviet musicians of not composing music that was accessible to the masses with their music christened ''antinarodnaya† which implied that their music was against the people. In â€Å"The War Symphonies: Shostakovich against Stalin† by Larry Weinstein, the author states that the film is clearly made to counter the propaganda of the

Taiwan-China Conflict and Resolution Research Paper

Taiwan-China Conflict and Resolution - Research Paper Example China was fragment after the fall of Qing dynasty and civil war followed (Myers 1) in 1915. In this condition, the political party that gave birth to Taiwan, the  Guomindang  or GMD was formed and so was the ruling party in China, the Chinese Communist Party  (CCP). These two political parties however begun as allies in Southeast China in their effort to crush the warlords in 1923 that caused the civil war in China. The alliance however was short lived because it collapsed within four years and the two political parties became bitter enemies that precipitated another civil war. GMD’s generals pledge loyalty to its new leader Chiang  Kai ­shek and formed a new Republic of China in Nanjing and later formed a new ROC government in Nanjing in 1927 (Myers 1). Chiang  Kai ­shek had the upper hand over the CCP in 1937 as Chiang  Kai ­shek army drove the Communists into the Northwest region of China. Japan however attacked China in July 1937 to make Chiang  Kai ­ shek ROC a client state of Japan. The attack was thwarted because Taiwan and China again forged an alliance to defeat Japan. This alliance lasted for eight years until Japan was defeated in August 15, 1945. During this time, Chiang  Kai ­shek also allied with the United States which lasted until 1949. China on the other is building up its forces beginning in the Autumn of 1945 when it begun amassing weapons from the Russians in Manchuria. It also initiated land reform in the countryside as a precursor to Maoist strategy of encircling cities by cutting them off from the countryside. The strategy coupled with superior weapons proved to be effective in defeating Chiang  Kai ­shek’s forces and advanced further towards Northern China until finally, CPP soldiers captured Beijing on January 31, 1949. Months later, Mao declared the founding of the new  Chinese  state in October 1, 1949 which is the  People's Republic  of  China (13). Chiang Kai-shek on the other han d retreated to Formosa which is now Taiwan to seek refuge from Mao’s advancing armies (Ford 36) which it still continue to occupy until this day. II. Description of the various conflict management techniques used, the third parties that were active in attempts to resolve the conflict, and the outcomes of these conflict management efforts. Efforts however were made to reconcile Taiwan and China after Mao’s declaration of People's Republic  of  China or PROC as we know it today. On April 27, 1993, China and Taiwan begun negotiating the various Interpretations of Taiwan’s relationship  to  China,  or  the  "one ­China" principle† (Myers 1). The negotiation however was conducted and represented by third party private agencies. Taiwan was represented by Straits Exchange Foundation or SEF while China was represented Association for Relations across the  Taiwan  Strait,  or  ARATS. The negotiation however was short lived and collapse when President Lee Teng ­hui visited the US for a public address at Cornell University (Myers 1). The technique used in the attempt to resolve the conflict was negotiation by third parties composed of private NGOs. The negotiation however did not prosper because no confidence building measure was initiated by both parties. The negotiation finally collapsed when Taiwan’s President Lee Teng ­hui antagonized the Chinese by a visit to the Communist ideological nemesis, the US.

Culture And Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Culture And Public Policy - Essay Example This paper stresses that culture can also be regard as the relationships among people within groups, among groups and between ideas and views. Culture deals with identity, coordination, structures, and practices that guide relations among people such as ethnicity, heritage, rituals, norms, and beliefs. Multiculturalism refers to a specific set of philosophical ideas, or a particular orientation by institutions or the government towards a varied population. Thus, culture is created by people and defines people. Culture is express in various ways such as through how we speak, live, conduct public life, associate with others, celebrate, entertain ourselves, remember the past, and think about the future. This report makes a conclusion that culture influences all public policies. The culture of the people or a nation determines the nature of the public policy that is created . Culture also affects the implementation of the policy. It may facilitate implementation of the policy thereby, helping to achieve the policy objectives or prevent creation or implementation of a good public policy, which may have a negative effect on a country’s different aspects such as economic development. Poor public policies in most African countries are because of bad cultures such as the high degree of power distance. On the other hand, most developed countries public interest oriented policies are inspired by the countries’ good cultures such as low power distance.

Ethic and Social Impacts on Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethic and Social Impacts on Crime - Assignment Example This has led the tribe people to lose livestock, livelihood, and lifestyle.    Mbuba (2011) reported that this apparent situation relies heavily on the legislation of these East African countries, on how will they be able to handle the problem of crime of rural areas where police patrols are not available and the authority of tribal elders are more dynamic. Mbuba identified another factor on why crime reporting is unpopular among tribe people. These communities are described as transitional communities at which there is a â€Å"somewhat inevitable developmental stage of society that intervenes between fully functional social relations characterized by the rule of law, on one hand, and the informal traditional arrangements†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was also reported that there is tranquillity in policing transitional societies. Apparently there is â€Å"law enforcement monopoly whereby the police administration is routinely reluctant to embrace any mechanisms for sharing with the rest of the community members the responsibility for ensuring safety for all† (Mark s, Shearing, & Wood, 2009). The authority of Chief and Sub-Chiefs in crime prevention is so crucial that a separate law was made in order to specify, elaborate, and clarify the limit of power of the two tribe officers. Mbuba, J. (2011). Approaches to crime control and order Maintenance in Transitional Societies: The Role of Village Headmen, Chiefs, Sub-Chiefs and Administration Police in Rural Kenya. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies. Retrieved from http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201104/2367231161.html Tribal Elders Agree to End Years of Conflict. (2005). United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Retrieved from

The cask of amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The cask of amontillado - Essay Example Jealousy and pride are two of the most basic human traits that it oftentimes drives a person to murder as an act of revenge upon the person whom one feels has bested him, as in the case of Montresor and the unfortunately named Fortunato. As indicated in the opening statement of the story â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge.† (Poe 743). Within the context of the story, we can see that Montresor feels that Fortunato has made a fool of him many times and has thus, hurt his pride often. Reaching his tipping point, he then vows to exact revenge upon Fortunato, though he is unsure of whether his desire to kill the other is based upon jealousy or revenge. Montresor proves to be a master of mind games as he successfully uses reverse psychology in order to continue to entice Fortunato towards the deep catacombs where his death awaited him. He appealed to the vanity and pride of Fortunato in order to ensure the success of his plans. This leads the reader to conclude that Montresor has a perverse mind that simply wanted to do Fortunato fatal harm even though he had not done anything within the storyline to deserve such a fate. Yet towards the end, we see that Montresor still has some control over his mental faculties as he senses guilt and remorse over what he has done to Fortunato. A man whom he knows truly has not done anything wrong to him except to be better than him in certain ways. Thus we see a man, psychologically conflicted and unable to deal with the results of his actions in his

The period 1870 to 1914 In Germany Essay Example for Free

The period 1870 to 1914 In Germany Essay How Successfully in the period 1870 to 1914 did the ruling elites of Germany cope with the consequences of social and economic change? Introduction The period 1870 to 1914 involved significant social and economic pressures for change, not least in Germany. This essay will analyse how both Bismarck and Wilhelm II responded to these pressures and will examine how successful their responses were in coping with this change. A key change was the rapid industrialisation that put Germany ahead of Britain as Europes leading industrial power by 1914. This was reflected in the soaring of coal production, steel production, and the railway network, for example. Coal production grew from 89 million tons in 1890 to 277 million tons in 1914. However, it could be argued that Bismarck did not play an active role in economic policy, but did use it to his advantage. Historians such as Bohme point out that Bismarck merely rode and steered on the waves of Germanys economic life. The economic expansion had great implications for social and political change, as for instance an increase in the industrial workforce lead to demands for better working conditions, and an increase in Trade Union membership. As noted by Culpin Henig, there were some 2.6 million German workers who were members of trade unions by 1914. Such developments had frightened Wilhelm, like Bismarck before him, as they saw such minority groups as enemies of the state. Bismarcks strategy to Change Economic Change Spurred on by unification and an abundance of natural resources such as iron ore, Germany saw its industrial production soar. With support from financial institutions, this transformed Germany from what had been a predominantly agrarian to a major industrial state. Iron ore production soared from 2.9 million tons in 1870 to 2.2 million tons by 1890, whereas in Britain production of iron ore was 14 million tons in 1870, and had not changed by 1890. Expansion of the railways coerced the industrial growth in Germany, rising from 19.5 km in 1870, to 43 km in 1890. Agriculture did still play a vital role, act as a stimulus, due agrarian mechanisation. Bismarck however took little interest in the economy. Culpin Henig argue that this is ironic, as it was economic change that provided the greatest challenge to the stability of the empire. Bismarck embraced these changes as an opportunity to gain co-operation from the National Liberal Party at first, (the largest party in the Reichstag at the time), and also to gain military advantage. The chancellor had no party of his own, had common aims with the liberals such as national unity. By offering the liberals piecemeal concessions that at least appeared to favour free trade for example, he was assured of their support. In fact Bismarcks relationship with the Liberals was not insignificant. The so-called liberal era as Geoff Eley puts forward, produced an impressive concentration of forward looking legislation [and] an elaborate framework of capitalist enabling laws, hence promoting further economic development. Blackbaul and Ely portray Bismarck as very liberalising: Germany benefits from Bismarcks liberal and modernising tendencies. However, by the end of the 1870s Bismarck wished to discontinue granting the liberals concessions. Also, as competition from foreign imports grew, Bismarck faced increased pressure by the landed elites (the Junkers) and the Industrialists to increase economic protectionism. Bismarck believed in Real Politik, or the politics of realism. He responded accordingly to the demands of the Junkers and Industrialists. The additional attraction was that Germany would receive extra income from tariffs and that the country would be more self-sufficient. This increase in protectionism effectively ended the liberal era of Bismarcks chancellorship. Together with the system of Cartels already flourishing in Germany, the benefits of mass production remained with the Junkers and Industrialists, and were not passed on to the consumer. Social Change These intensive changes in Germanys economy had a significant impact on the society. The massive influx of workers from rural areas to cities and towns, resulted in people discovering new freedoms. With this new found freedom came increased demands for better working conditions, for instance, which fuelled an increase in trade union membership. The very speed of this industrialisation meant that society was less able to adjust than in Britain. Pulzer points to the dissonance of the economic dynamism of the Reich and the relative stagnation of its social norms and political institutions. Industrialisation did not usually involve social mobility, but a stratification of existing structures as S. Lee notes. For instance, the working classes increased in number and strengthened their identity, but this simply aggravated the suspicion of the social elites. The Prussian Junkers in particular felt threatened by these social changes (due to the decreasing role of agriculture in the economy), but as noted above, Bismarck took a change in direction to economic protectionism in an attempt to preserve their position. The middle classes were caught up between the working classes and the social elites. They had pressures below them from the working classes and from the Industrialists and Junkers above them. Their main aim was to maintain their position. Unification had involved the imposition of Prussian ideologies throughout the newly united Germany, in which Prussia was the dominant state. This presented Bismarck with a number of problems, one of which he saw as the Catholics, whom he viewed as the enemies of the state, partly for their dislike of Bismarckian politics. The Kulturkampf, or struggle for civilisation, was supported by the May Laws in 1873, which included the severing diplomatic relations with the Vatican and the removal of Catholic influence from society. The campaign in the main failed and was abandoned at the end of the 1870s, as Bismarck turned his attention to what he viewed as the menace of socialism and sought an defensive alliance with Austria. As C Grant Robinson put it, Bismarck deliberately sacrificed victory in the Kulturkampf to victory in other issues, more important in his judgement. This change of direction has often been referred to as political opportunism. With this change of direction Bismarck in the main severed his alliance with the German Liberals. This alliance had not lived up to the expectations of several influential groups in the Reich, which prompted Bismarck to switch towards economic and political conservatism. Agatha Ramm describes these changes as a coherent and systematic revision of policy in relation to the economic, social and financial needs of the Reich. Bismarck, partly looking to the events of the Paris Commune, took on a very anti-Socialist stance, as he saw the Socialists as the new enemies of the state. He sought to repress the Socialist movement, but this only seemed to serve to increase the popularity of the Socialist Workers Party. Bismarck tried to curtail this growth by means of legislation, which included the banning of socialist newspapers and meetings in Germany. Bismarck, realising that socialism could not be conquered by repression alone, introduced a programme of state socialism, which included medical insurance and sick pay. W.M Simon argues that this did not convince the workforce and hence they gave their support to the left. However, AJP Taylor suggests that this was not the case, indicating that workers had taken on an understanding that the more they co-operated with the state, the more rewards they would receive: the workers seemed to have received social security as the price of political subservience. Political Change There were political implications from the social diversity of Germany. There was an intention to rally to lower orders, by promoting nationalism through patriotism rather than socialism through internationalism as S Lee puts it. The elites put pressure on Bismarck to pursue an active foreign and colonial policy to promote this stance, to turn the lower orders attention away from the domestic social problems. The elites did their utmost to impose constraints to curtail any political expansion to the lower orders. Overall, Bismarck did all he could to stifle the development of parliamentary democracy in Germany. Whilst the Reichstag could comment on legislation, Bismarck had the power to veto anything. The parties in the Reichstag were more like sectional pressure groups, with membership centred around social class origins. Max Weber supports this viewpoint, noting that the German political system was merely sham constitutionalism. AJP Taylor sums up Bismarcks stance to democracy very effectively, in stating that Bismarck lived in an age of democracy and German power and he devoted his life to making these forces as harmless as possible. This did not bode well for the future, as Weber comments, Bismarck left behind him as political heritage a nation without any political education. He also emphasised that the country was accustomed that the statesman at its head would look after all policy for it. Bismarck wanted to be aware of potential threats to the state he had created, and once himself stated when we have arrived at good harbour, we should be content to cultivate and hold what we have won. In order to protect what he had achieved in a unified Germany, and in response to European pressure, Bismarck used his unique negotiating skills to forge a number of alliances, in an attempt to ensure European peace and avoid war on two fronts. A number of alliances were attempted to preserve peace in Europe, beginning with the dreikeiserbund, or league of 3 emperors in 1873, (involving alliances with Russia and Austria), and later a separate dual alliance with Austria alone, with Italy coming into the Fray in the late 1880s. Whilst these alliances in the main failed to run smoothly, they did at least restore order in Europe and ensure that the changes taking place in Germany were not impeded by an outside conflict. Wilhelm IIs Strategy to Change Wilhelm II stated that he wanted to appeal to all elements of society, and in doing so he pursued a number of random, ad hoc policies that appeared to be ill thought out indicating, lack of central direction and did not necessarily harness change to his advantage. Economic Change The spectacular pace of industrialisation, aided by significant population growth, served to propel Germany to the status a major industrial power in the years to 1914. The population increased from 49 million in 1890 to 65 million by 1910. Coal production increased from 89 million tons in 1890 to 277 million tons in 1914, whilst steel production over the same period increased from 2.3 million tons to 14 million tons. Advances in the railway network, and new industries such as chemicals and electricity coerced this economic expansion. Overall income per capita increased substantially relative to European peers , increasing living standards as a result. However, this economic prosperity was not shared by German agriculture, which had to be supported by substantial internal tariffs just to keep the Junker farmers solvent. Conversely, Wilhelm promoted greater economic liberalism, under his first Chancellor Caprivi, reducing certain tariffs in an effort to bolster free trade, but upsetting the Junkers in the process by reducing their income from agricultural tariffs. Wilhelm II harnessed this growth in economic power to build up Germanys military might, which included the merchant navy, to make it comparable to Britains. Volker Berghahn notes that the development of the navy was more for popular, patriotic emotion, rather than as a strategic weapon in its own right, inciting that it promoted national unity. With economic expansion on such a massive scale, it was bound to have deep social and political implications, which the Kaiser failed to realise. Germany became increasingly in such a strong position that could have frightened other European countries into defensive alliances against it. Social Changes The population of Germany increased rapidly, rising from 49 million in 1890 to 65 million by 1914 and many people found themselves living in cities close to their new industrial workplaces. Anti-socialist laws were allowed to lapse under Wilhelm, but as the 1890s progressed, under the influence of Industrialists and Junkers, the Kaiser became concerned at the number of concessions Trade Unions were winning. Working conditions improved significantly as a result, with reforms such as restricted Sunday hours. The Socialists in Germany were comparatively moderate, as the German workforce enjoyed a relatively high standard of living, which continued to improve. For instance, over the period 18895 to 1907, wages increased by some 100 percent, whilst the cost of living only rose 22 percent in the same period. Hence real wages and disposable income were outstripping the cost of living, which served to dampen Trade Union demands. It was because of this increase in affluence that support for Socialists grew, it could be argued. By 1912, the Socialists were the largest party in the Reichstag, which served to increase the Kaisers paranoia. Wilhelm himself commented, following these elections, the German Parliamentarian becomes daily more of a swine. Wilhelms attempts to curtail Socialism reflected Sammlungs politik, which was a policy of bringing together. This policy involved the bringing together under a common set of ideas, all grouping in Germany, with the exception of Socialists, and also the use of an active foreign policy. The main exponent of Sammlung Politik was Chancellor Bulow, who upset groups in the Reichstag, such as the Progressives, which pushed such groups towards Socialism. The next Chancellor, Hollweg, tried to stop this trend of an increase in support for the Socialists, and used many means that were at his disposal, such as the army and civil service, but his success in this respect was very limited. All the changes convinced the ruling elite that Socialism was a danger, but historians are divided on this point. For instance, when World War One broke out, the Socialists offered support, not typical of a revolutionary behaviour. In addition, to what uses would German workers turn their power, should they win it? The Socialist Democratic Party (SPD) suffered from lack of political education, as was evident in the fact they did not remove the Kaiser. So the attempt by the regime to crush socialism was not well thought out, as it did not pose any serious threat. The Kaisers campaign against Socialism at the beginning of the century offered no political concessions and is this respect was likely to spark domestic conflicts. Wilhelms attitude to the working classes contrasted sharply from that of the Junkers and Industrial elites, whose pleas he was very receptive to. This seems very contradictory, as the Kaiser in 1894 had proclaimed that he wanted to be the King of Beggars. Political Changes In effect, none of the four Chancellors under Wilhelm held any significant power, as Wilhelm would interfere in the business of the state, as his second Chancellor pointed out: if I cannot get the Kaisers consent for measures I regard as necessary, then I have no authority. Politically, Wehlr has described Wilhelm as being at the mercy of navy league nationalists, Junkers and industrialists. Whilst it was recognised that the Kaiser made all the decisions, he was greatly influenced by the Junkers, the Industrialists, the civil service and the army. This was against a background of democracy pretence in the Reichstag, which was effectively and constitutionally a talking shop. The Reichstag was not central or integral to the policy making process. There was immense resistance to political change, particularly in moves towards democracy. Wilhelm embraced conservative ideas that were so right wing they were almost fascist. Whilst there were major economic and social changes taking place inside and outside Germany, the political structure remained static. However, as time progressed there is evidence that the Reichstag began to fight back, for instance in 1912 the Kaiser tried unsuccessfully to pass a bill, intended to jail anyone stopping any man from working, or encouraging strikes. This was not the first occasion that the Reichstag had refused to pass anti-socialist and anti-union legislation. Above all, the Kaiser wanted a place in the sun for the Germans. The problem was that there was very little room left for new colonisation in the early part of 1900. Bulow suggested that the pace of economic expansion forced the need for colonisation: Our need for national development, mainly in the industrial sphere, forced us to cross the ocean. In spite of the fact that Germany was planning colonisation very late compared to other powers, the Kaiser built up the German military machine and under the Tirpitz Plan, and built a naval fleet to rival that of Great Britain. The term saber rattler sums up his politics as well as his personality. Historian Barbara Tuchman put it appropriately when she referred to the Kaiser as possessor of the least inhibited tongue in Europe. The Kaiser clearly wanted a world role for Germany, but the physical results of Weltpolitik were somewhat meagre. Conclusion The reaction on the part of both Bismarck and Wilhelm to the increasing but modest demands for social and political reform was to try to repress the forces of change, as both saw socialism as a significant threat to the regime. The key difference between Bismarck and Wilhelm was that Bismarck realised that he could not defeat socialism by repression alone. Comparing the policy styles of Bismarck and Wilhelm, it appears that in spite of Bismarcks adherence to real politik, he still maintained a clearer sense of direction than Wilhelm, whose policies seemed ill thought out and lacking direction. As noted by Mosse, although Bismarck played his hand with great skill, it was a good one in the first place. Sturmer supports this argument by stating that Bismark was good at diplomatic games. It is clear then that when the regime fell into the hands of Wilhelm, who according to Rhal dreamt up policies, pursued and made a mess of policies, there were socio-political implications for Germany, which it seemed by 1914 could only be alleviated by a short, sharp, victorious war. Bibliography. Culpin, C Henig, R ( 1998). Modern Europe 1870-1945. Longman Advanced Hisory. Lee, S (19). Germany 1870-1918 Morris, TA, (1995). European History 1848-1945. University Tutorial Press Limited. German News Magazine, (1998). Otto Von Bismarck, Founder of the German Empire.

Working In Partnership In Health Care Social Work Essay

Working In Partnership In Health Care Social Work Essay Task 1.1. As Health and Social care personals engaged in the Health and Social Care Work explain the different levels of working partnerships across the sector using the 3 partnership levels, Service user-professionals, interpersonal and Organisational and policy levels. Explore these partnership relationships across different levels of Health and Social care services including your own Health and Social Care work place where you engaged with service users and other colleagues of your working environment. ANS: Health and Social Care professionals have a very vital role among the partnership workers. Each level and professional group relies upon some kind of activity which relates to the performance of the group. There are different levels of each group and different systems get them to be modified. Now we will discuss the three levels of working in partnership with respect to the Health and Social care: Service user-professionals: As we know that healthcare professionals are a part of group that relates to the service users mean while the service users also play a vital role and impart an effect on professional group. It is worthwhile to discuss the importance of support workers because they are to work in partnership with users of the services and they also help them in fetching self-reliant. Professionals offer service users to offer them with some extra settlement in the shorter time but they often are not capable of long-term benefits. Support workers perform work in partnership services users and help them in maintaining their status quo. In order to undertake daily tasks and make some amendments in these to make sure service users get some the short-term goals but still they not pass to do so in long time. The report shows that the results tell us about the need for the service users to help the users in mental health support workers to improve there group efficiency in order to get a professional profil e meanwhile, they make it clear that each of health care professionals along with the service users should have a clearer perceptive nature of support work so it may help them in positioning the health sector to a higher level. Interpersonal Level: The second and still somewhat a important level of Health and social care in partnership working is that of interpersonal; in this category the category of retired worker i.e. old age class find it less difficult to offer the wants in less demanding way because they have ample of time to perform there task. Most of the people in the category of who younger age group than this retired class feel a little bit isolated and this make it more difficult to fulfill their desires. Hence these leads to more emphasize on the interpersonal level working in partnership. Hence the interpersonal group tends to operate the relationship with different levels of groups and make them convey their desires more effectively. Hence working in groups makes it easy for them to ensure that they have a good understanding with in their group which makes their life easy. The way in which practices and local health services work appear to separate beside these destitute groups. It could be that they have too man y conflicting priorities or are less skilled at negotiating their chosen appointments. Organizational level: The importance of partnership working takes a new look when we study it at the organizational level. The concept of partnership has a great impact on labors social policy issue. Hence a new concept arises when we have to discuss partnership and collaboration, because both of these have some themes new Labours social policy, mainly in respect of the freedom of health and social care. Though the terms are hardly ever specifically clear and problematic to study, in most understandings partnerships has some reliability upon good systems of inter-professional association. By going through the past literature on the social behavior of professions, and meanwhile the nature of inter-professional working, One of the study shows that effective mutual working within health and social care is difficult to obtain, mainly in the light of the immense difference in authority and culture between a variety of occupational groupings, and the naturally competitive scenery of profession jostle for region in the same areas of activity. It shows that the issues which are handled with care need to be resolved before what they ought to make it difficult and hence are properly understood; a metaphoric application to the absolute benefits of partnership without any other way hence it helps in maintaining the status quo and yield efficient partnership working. Meanwhile we can also maintain an proper role for social work in the situation of partnership working at the organization level which has a brilliant role and area of study that make it more beneficent has therefore not defined moreover the cause is related and is unique from the related professionals. Assessment Criteria covered: (P1.1, P1.2) Task 1.2. Critically explain how the relevant government acts and legislations provides a better framework for the Health and social care professionals to work in partnership with service users, other colleagues and inter organisational levels. Ans: The government plays a very vital role in developing Health and Social care sector through reforms and acts. UK government is also working upon it and kept a very good record in making reforms and introducing Acts of Parliament and their explanatory notes which guide where suitable, with directives on conformity where properly implementable. Most laws that make people learn about the outcomes of partnership working also help people with learning disabilities in order to apply that to other samples. Some of them have emphasized on children; Others offer there services for all age groups. The main rule of the game which is somewhat a matter of concern are likely to make an impact on the lives of all age groups, with learning or physical disabilities, are about: Children protection and Care; Special educational needs for Children and patients; Extensive education and training; Community care services; human rights; discrimination. The current structure of UK public sector health and social services, and the consequent relationships between its National Health Service (NHS) and local government, are not a planned ideal but a compromise. These prevailed over arguments in favour of a local government solution based on: The significant connection of local authorities in health services Maintain an articulate approach to health in its broadest wisdom The democratic foundation of local authorities Local willpower and flexibility rather than national regularity. So differences in culture and indeed in finance and accountability systems could still impede attempts to break down the barriers. Despite the potential benefits for users, carers, communities and citizens. Assessment Criteria covered: (M1.1) Task 1.3. Critically evaluate how empowerment of service users would create better standards of health and social care in your own organization and overall in the whole country. Use the models of service users to explain your arguments. Ans: Healthcare system needs to be characterised by high levels of citizen empowerment and service user groups in order to make it more effective. Service users have vast access to large data of information about healthcare and in this way they can have a good option to choose where to have management. Transference of healthcare in Sweden to local and regional government had lead to healthcare being organised according to the needs of local inhabitants rather than at national level. From a dictatorial standpoint, at national level there exists a number of organizations including the Board of Health Welfare, the Medical Responsibility Board, the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Board and the Medical Products Agency. The National Board of Health Welfare, which has many different duties within the fields of social services, health and medical services, environmental health, communicable disease prevention and control and epidemiology , produce a report of healthcare performance across the country every year. Two of the committee members on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Board, which regulates the pricing of medicines, are from service user groups. Service users have also been demanding a more equal relationship with their health professionals and are no longer accepting the traditional role of the patient as a passive recipient of care. Their calls for greater involvement in their own care have been heard and have also encouraged government and health providers to formulate policies with more ambitious objectives of encouraging the involvement of service users in the planning and delivery of health and social care services. There has been a lot of study being held to improve the standard and evaluated the importance of service user groups empowerment. Therefore the appraisal of a new health scheme Smith, Prosser, Joomun (2007) produced some results service users mind set for health support workers through the focus group discussions and a series of interviewes. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness and adequacy of some unique performance which is offered by support staff. The findings designate that both service users and service visitors esteemed the association of the health support workers. Similarly in earlier research Corcoran (1985) found out that patients mind set of paraprofessional and professional therapists. Corcoran opted that the patients were keener to look for help from paraprofessional then professional therapists, with areas such as consistency and knowledge presents no significant difference. Both articles offer strong support for the use and employment of parapr ofessional staff, representating, for the most part, that both service users and visitors are relaxed with their contribution in health and social services. Models of service users Like Mackenzie (2006), den Boer  et al.  (2005) studied the involvement of paraprofessional as a means for cost efficient criteria to drop out the burden for health professionals, with particular situation to their success in the freedom of psychological treatments for misery and anxiety disorders. The articles that suggest this also emphasize on mind set of the service user, rather than the professional as was in situation of Mackenzie (2006). Paraprofessionals involved within den Boer  et al.  were employed as mental health care members whish are paid to perform there duties and help in voluntary staff. Meanwhile they also require no experience in view to the delivery of psychological treatment.  Research showed no statistical change between the deliverance and use of treatment between professional and paraprofessional groups. But there are some exceptions that the analysis of the preferred group from the clients perspective favored paraprofessionals supporting the earlie r work of Corcoran (1985). The aims of the these studies were aimed at identifying the function of mental health which supports workers in perceiving by service users and healthcare professionals, this in turn identifies the level of reception of paraprofessionals as members of the mental health care community. Assessment Criteria covered: (D1.1) Task 2.1. Name and explain different service user groups in Health and Social care sector. How would you apply the basic concepts of working in partnership with each service user groups? Explain the differences. Considering inter professional relationships in Health and Social care sector, explain how they deal with conflicts, overcome the barriers to partnership, how they share information while preserving the confidentiality. Ans: We have chosen two different Service user groups to evaluate the outcome of these with respect to the working in partnership. registered health professionals mental health service users The discussion is based on the research held by Barnaby Pace  MNZPsS, Assoc. BSocSc(Hons), MSocSc(Hons), PGDipCBT, PGDipEd(AdEd) The data analysis suggested the following key themes as identified by healthcare professionals. Care giving Rehabilitation Supporting activities of daily living Level of skill/competence Advocating for clients Now we will discuss the literature with respect to each of them and will try to evaluate the difference between them. These points will show us with conflicts, overcome the barriers to partnership Care giving It is common perception that environs are needed to be care taking and of obliging nature of maintain work became polarized for the healthcare professional study group, which resulted in this scrupulous theme being divided into two components: Care charitable was viewed as a paternalistic model which eliminates the independence of the service user, suggesting support work is a baby-sitting role. Rehabilitation In rehabilitation there are many healthcare professionals who measures support workers in order to essential recovery/rehabilitation process, stipulate and hence they were able to make it more present themselves as important individuals in the service users life in the lack of family or friends. Supporting activities of daily living In other words the activities of daily living are in contrast to the paternalistic replica offered through care giving frequent references were given to the two-way natural world of support work, signifying that the paraprofessional job along side rather than for the service user. Level of skill/competence Hence the position to the level of skill and ability apparent for mental health support workers a variety of views were verbal reliant on how their overall role was viewed, as avowed in points two and three above. A clear partition emerged from the narratives: those who professed support workers to be under qualified and those who thought no qualification were needed. Advocating for clients In some way or other the contact and experience has to be offered with some advocating because support workers professionals determined there was a strong stress on the role of support. Examination of Service User interviews exposed the following themes. Each will be discussed and illustrated: Assist in goal achievement Help to find employment Care giving Supporting activities of daily living 1. Assist in goal achievement Most of the employees as well as service users need some help in achieveing there goals so they are intended to get some help from the health care professionals in order achieve what they want. Hence achieving the goals is identified as a noteworthy function of the support workers role, ranging from short through to long-term goal advance and execution across a variety of domains. 2. Help to find employment In this part of service user group there can be a lot of help if the employement opportunities are created and the people are counseled to help other than what they already have under there belt. Employment was branded as a noteworthy task of the support work role with most of the research contestant commenting on the value of have a support worker to guide them through the process of applying for work. 3 Care giving It is very reliable to make Healthcare Professionals comparison with Service Users those appeared edgy over the caregiver verse helpful nature insight of mental health support work. Several of the members viewed help workers as a domestic aide who should perform tasks included meal preparation and house work. 4. Supporting activities of daily living Opposing to the statements made in point three above, services users also viewed support workers as serious elements to their general well-being and ongoing revival, viewing them in a more professional capability. Task 2.2. Critically evaluate how organisational practices and polices depending on the type of organisation guide Health and Social care professionals to engage in the work in partnership. Explain how this could help to improve the quality of life for the service users. Ans: Organizational practices and policies can help in increasing the productivity of the employees. Working in partnership can increase their moral and it can also help them improve the quality of work in many ways. Most of the organizations have Researchers and policy makers which work in many ways to make some in the fields of organisational development. This helps in gaining the human resources management and social care of employees will. Which have precious perspective on the organisational and human resources challenges facing problems regarding group work and partnership working. There are some new organizations in which it is important to consider that employees get an extra benefit from working in partnership. In particular, the research team would wish to establish links with the research team undertaking the National Tracker Survey of PCGs and PCTs, and other key researchers in this field. Moreover the task that the service users perform make it more and more suitable to them. Major reason behind making service user performance count is that the organizations are not going to worry about the quality of work of their employees in other words the quality of their work groups also increases. Task 2.3. Critically compare and analyze how better partnership among different service user groups and Health and social care professionals had benefitted by the concept of empowerment of the service users. It became more and more clear in the project that prosperous networking and the development, giving out and stream lining of service user ability to closely relate that the two are deeply involved with meaningful user participation in most service users minds. This in turn helps in their work behavior and benefits the service users. When discussed how does users knowledge can make a more powerful effect to improve peoples lives, service users highlight two closely interconnected issues. These are: strengthening service user networking at individual and organisational levels; the promotion of effective user involvement by service users. Hence we can conclude that the service user groups are related to the task performed and take it more and more serious while going through the phase of improvement. Meanwhile they are benefitted with the strengthening effect and they empower the critical impact of these social care professionals and work groups. Task 3.1. Explain the possible positive and negative outcomes of working in partnership across the Health and social Care sector with a range of different service user groups. Explain strategies to avoid negative outcomes in working in partnership. Health and social care sector has been effective and it would result in many positive outcomes if the service user groups utilize them in partnership building. Following are some of the common positive outcomes of working in groups in the health and care sector. Service users and members of the public should be involved in the work of regulatory bodies: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It promotes openness and transparency among public in order to improve service quality and openly involves in the development of rules and standards; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It ensures safety solution so that health and social services can learn from the experiences of service users, carers and others, particularly as it relates to adverse events; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It improves the quality of regulated services by ensuring that services are sensitive to the needs and preferences of service users and the public; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It focuses the work of regulatory bodies on service users and encourage public accountability by complementing the expertise of health professionals and information from scientific literature18. A further basis for connecting the public directly in the work of dictatorial bodies is a need to counteract the risk of regulatory capture. Negative outcomes: As noted earlier, communication is the fundamental platform upon which partnership interaction takes place. Poor communication can negatively impact partnership functioning in a number of ways: it can leave people feeling overwhelmed, or left out and confused; it can exacerbate problems of accountability; and perhaps most importantly, it can reduce a partnerships capacity for exchange and synergy. Task 3.2. Critically explore how better partnership in all 3 levels could bring positive outcomes for the range of service users at different Health and social care facilities across the regions. Increasingly in modern society, partnerships are being called on to solve the most complex issues of our time. Partnerships are being formed in areas such as development, nursing, social work, public health and especially in the field of health promotion. Within the field of health promotion, partnerships exist at every level from one-on-one interventions to global programmes. Given the popularity of partnership working, the literature examining its functioning is oddly scarce. The literature on partnership functioning that does exist examines almost exclusively partnerships at the community level. The purpose of the present case study was to gain insight into the functioning of a global health promotion partnership. Using the community literature as a point of departure, this case study analysed documents and conducted interviews in an attempt to map functioning from the real-life experience of global partnership functioning Task 3.3. Critically analyze different negative outcomes resulting in working in partnership concept. Explain and evaluate different pre-emptive strategies you could implement to avoid negative outcomes. Antagonistic output appears to be a result of the negative interaction of partnership processes. Antagony itself contributes nothing to the problem and indeed has a further negative impact on partnership functioning by discouraging partners, by wasting resources and by failing to make necessary contributions. In sum, outputs are the manifestation of inputs coming together in various ways. With additive outcomes, inputs simply move past the partnership interaction untouched by it. Additive outcomes are not affected by the partnership and appear to have no effect on it. Synergistic outcomes are produced when positive processes enable collaborative exchange among inputs to create something unique and better. These outputs feed back in to the partnership and seem strengthen the interaction. Antagonistic outcomes result when inputs come together but do not produce expected outcomes. Antagony is produced when positive intention meets negative loops of interaction. These outputs may revert back in to the partnership negatively impacting the interaction.

Spice Mobiles: Sales and Distribution Strategy

Spice Mobiles: Sales and Distribution Strategy Indian wireless sector has been an epitome of growth and success story all along as the cellular subscriber base increased from 1.9 million as on March 31, 2000 to 584 million as on March 31, 2010. As the sector has matured, the baton of growth has been passed-on to novel concepts such as Telecom Infrastructure Companies (commonly known as the tower companies), Value Added Service providers (popular application being Caller Ring Back Tone-CRBT) and more recently the home-grown Mobile Handset (HG) players. The Indian Mobile Handset Market is dominated by established international brands such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, LG etc. Nokia has been a clear market leader followed by Samsung, a distant second. There has been a continuous jostle for the third position with players like Motorola, Sony Ericsson, LG vying for the spot. Apart from the braded cell-phones, the market is also flushed with cheap, unbranded imported mobile phones that get routed through grey markets to reach domestic consumers (most of these unbranded mobile phones, hitherto, were without any International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers). When mobile phones were introduced in India in the mid-90s, US based Motorola, Swedens Ericsson and Finlands Nokia dominated the handset market in India. Over the years, the old order has changed. Asian players like Samsung and LG, European brands Philips and Siemens now compete with Motorola and Sony-Ericsson. Now with the emergence of local players like Micromaxx, karbonn and Spice etc., the competition has got all the more intense and the fight for consumers pocket has increased. Nokia, the undisputed leader is now challenged by local players like Micromaxx which has replaced Samsung to become the third biggest mobile selling vendor in the country. If we look a bit deeper, its not only the price or technology, but the reach of these new players in terms of distribution that has given them such a big chunk of the market and that to so soon! HOME-GROWN MOBILE HANDSET PLAYERS Given the backdrop of the growth in the domestic wireless subscriber base coupled with no dominant mobile handset player in India apart from the international brand, Nokia, provided business opportunity for Indian firms to take a plunge into the market; thus, the creation of HG players including Spice Mobiles, Micromax, Karbonn, Lava, Videocon etc. The business model followed by most HG players is relatively simple. These players have research and innovation teams that provide India-centric design specifications to contract manufacturers in neighbouring countries of China, Taiwan etc. These phones are shipped to India which are then routed through the domestic distribution channel for sale in the domestic market. Time-to-market from design-to-production-to-end market is critical in this sector as such players have set-up three-layered distribution system that includes regional distributors to support micro-distributors that in turn service the retail outlets. The initial part of the success of HG players was largely attributable to the price-elasticity of demand prevalent in the Indian market. These players provided phones loaded with various features at an affordable price. Other key aspect of the strategy followed by these players was to initially tap the rural markets where consumers are relatively less brand conscious and more price conscious. We believe it was not just the price differential that made these players tick; the home-grown players provided innovative offerings to rural markets (such as multi SIM handsets, mobile phones with 30-day battery back-up) that provided value-for-money rather than mere price-differential a key success mantra to tap the fortune at the bottom-of-the-pyramid. (Hitherto, the key market segment for these players) The inflection point for the growth of HG players in the recent times also came from the directive from the Government of India to bar handsets without IMEI numbers to be used in India. These handsets were a direct competition to the HG players and a ban on them provided huge growth opportunities for these players. Encashing on this opportunity, the HG players have grown from strength-to-strength and are slowly but surely cementing their place in the Indian Mobile Handset market. Attuned to its primary market segment i.e. Tier-I and Tier-II cities, the marketing by HG players were hitherto more of the push-strategy whereby greater pass-through margins were given to Distributors and Retailers. However, off-late they have also initiated the use of pull-strategy by venturing into brand building initiatives such as roping-in of brand ambassadors and sponsoring of sports tournaments. We see these initiatives as a prelude before venturing into more lucrative urban markets. However, going f orward the HG players shall have to contend with various challenges such as to constantly invest on innovation and brand building; to build and strengthen their distribution network after-sales services; to move-up the value chain both in term of technology (providing 3-G Technology, QWERTY format phones) and markets (from Tier-II/ Tier-III segments to Urban markets) and to counter direct competition from Chinese players who are looking to set-up shops in India. Here in this study, we will discuss the key distribution strategies and challenges of one such home grown player Spice Mobile. A DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTION MODEL The distribution of mobile phones varies considerably from that of other consumer electronics and appliances such as LCD TVs or Air conditioners. This is because the pace of sales of mobile phones is a lot faster than the other consumer electronic goods. Also, the physical size of the products also is a factor. The mobile phone, being a quite fast moving product, hence is not handled by the distributors handling TVs and audio products or washing machines and refrigerators. Hence the supply chain management and logistics management of the two products distribution becomes very different. The great Indian mobile revolution is all set to move to the rural part of the country, with handset manufacturers gearing up to come out with market-specific products to acquire maximum share. The next big opportunity for telcos will be in the hinterland where two-thirds of the countrys 1.17 bn population lives.There are many factors driving handset manufacturers and operators to the rural market. Th ough India is emerging as one of the biggest telecom markets, metros and tier-2 cities are already reaching saturation point. Hence, companies have no option but to explore newer markets to sustain the growth. As of now, India is adding around 9 mn subscribers a month, and in June 20010 the country added 11 mn subscribers. E.g. if we look into Samsung Indias distribution chain, we find that every Samsung product other than the mobile phone (and IT products, which again has a different distribution chain) are distributed by the same wholesaler. For mobile phones, there is a totally different Distribution. This is a result of the above two major factors (pace of sales and physical size of product). Example: Distribution of mobile phones by Samsung The Distribution of Samsung mobile phones is divided by zones primarily. This strategy is more or less similar for all major mobile phone manufacturing companies. The northern region, comprising Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand and Rajasthan, have four distribution partners for Samsung Mobile. Now for better reach and response to consumer demands and to cater to them efficiently Samsung are looking to add five more distribution partners to the Northern Region. Samsung has recently strengthened its distribution network in the country by appointing SSK and Link as its distributors for mobile sales in the Western and Eastern part of the country, respectively. The company already has Telemart and United Telelinks as its distributor in the Northern and Southern parts of the country. There are usually two distributors between the company (Samsung Mobile) and the retailer. E.g. there is a chief distributor for the products for the western zone. Under that distributor, there are other wholesalers for the mobile handsets which are usually for particular cities in case of cities with considerable size and market. E.g. Ahmedabad has two distributors which supply to the retail firms in the city. While some of the smaller cities/towns have a distributor in common. Also, some of the premium retail firms might buy directly from the chief distributor (only if the quantities justify it). Example strategy: Franchisee retailers Also, Franchising Strategy for some companies has also helped in driving sales and profitability. E.g. Nokia Priority franchisee showrooms. Nokia has setup priority dealers to boost growth in organized trade. The following have been the benefits for Nokia as a result of the success in franchisee retailing: Positive brand experience across segments in a controlled environment Channel drives retention for Nokia Win the war before the battle Positive retail experience drives higher avg. selling prices Harnessing entrepreneurship spirit of franchisees Retail space investment by franchisee Nokia drives location selection, branding merchandizing support, media support Tackles fakes effectively The Value contribution to Nokia by Nokia Priority dealers in 2007 was around 10% of the total revenue generated by Nokia in India. It is expected to be around 20% by 2010. A TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL FOR MOBILE HANDSET VENDORS Consumer Manufacturer Mobile Devices National Distributor RDS Retailer/ Key Account When we contacted retail outlets like Hotspot, The mobile store, which comes right before the end user in the distribution system, they gave us similar details regarding the channel members which are above them for various hand set providers. This information was further substantiated by visiting the redistribution stockists of companies like nokia, samsung, LG, spice etc. However, although the above structure is pretty common in industry, the Indian players like Spice, Micromax etc have gone away with the concept of national distributor. We will discuss the implications of this decision by taking Spice Mobile as our information source. INDUSTRY LEADER: NOKIA DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL Nokia India(ND) HCL India(ND) Bright point India(ND) GSM Handsets South and west India GSM Handsets North and East India Margin 3.5% CDMA Handsets National Distributor Margin 3.5% Redistribution Stockist Pan India 150 Nos Margin 2.2% South and West India 90-100 Nos(Urban+rural) Margin 2.2% Redistribution Stockist Redistribution Stockist North and East India 90-100 Nos(Urban+rural) Margin 2.2% Micro Distributor(Rural) 500 Nos Margin 3% Retail Outlets (includes Telecom Outlets, Electronics Stores, Nokia Priority Dealers, Key Accounts, Modern Trade, Operator Stores) 100,000 nos. (Nokia has a numeric reach of 99% and a weighted reach of 99% Margin 3-5% TRANSPORT OF GOODS: STRUCTURE NOKIA This is the flow of goods from the production/assembly units in china and Malaysia to the end user. For Nokia, central warehouses are located in Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi, which then transfer handsets to regional warehouses, typically 1 in each state. From these regional warehouses, handsets are then transferred to the redistribution stockist wherein the actual sales to retailers happen mostly on ready stock basis. SALES TEAM STRUCTURE: NOKIA For Nokia, the last level in its sales force is Area sales manager. Earlier, they used to have sales officers and sales managers under nokias direct control and pay scale but now these two profiles have been shifted or in some cases omitted to/by distributor. Sales executives, ISDs all are on the pay scale of distributors. SPICE MOBILE: DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL STRUCTURE After sales Support Centralized Repair Center Modern Trade State/Regional Distributors Located in Delhi Company operated request center Directly by Spice Mobile Dedicated sales team at regional level Margin 6-7% Pan India 56 Nos (state wise) Margin 2.2% Micro Distributor (RDS) 500 Nos (Tier2, Tier3 cities) Margin 6% Authorized regional repair center (ARC) Central distribution and collection center for parts and faulty handsets 32 (in each state) Authorized service center (ASC) Multi brand service centres Total 76 in number across India Retail Outlets (includes Telecom Outlets, Electronics Stores, Hotspot Dealers, Key Accounts, Modern Trade, Operator Stores) 50,000 nos. Margin 3% atleast rest depends on consumers bargaining As opposed to other competitors, the differentiating factor about spice distribution chain is the removal of one layer in the distribution chain, namely the national distributor level. They distribute their products directly to regional distributors, who in turn distributes to the micro distributors and then, to retailers. Micro distributors provide the extensive reach to them as they have strong presence in the rural areas/villages where they operate. The key advantage of operating such a structure according to our discussion with Spice sales team is the margins that the national distributor makes, which can be passed down the chain to the regional distributors and retailers. This results in higher profitability for channel partners ie. regional distributors, micro distributors, retailers, which in turn results in them being more aggressive in promoting the Companys products to its customers. The entire warehousing and distribution management has been outsourced with effect from 31st October, 2005 for the period of 5 year to AFL Logistics, a division of AFL Pvt. Ltd. (AFL), one of the logistics management companies in India, which is responsible inter alia for shipment of goods to regional distributors through its controlling warehouse based in Delhi. KEY PARTICIPANTS IN DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL: ROLES AND RESOURCES Now lets discuss in details the various function of channel members Company: Spice mobile manufactures the goods in Himachal plant or assembles them once procured from China and send the same to the distributors. The logistic partner (AFL) assist the company in the same. The company does the negotiations and promotion activities on its own. The credit and payment policies are also handled and negotiated between the company and distributors. Also company directs certain promotions to retailers. Regional Distributors: Ownership is transferred once invoice is generated by spice to state/regional distributors. They transfer the products from company to distributors. They basically take order form the distributors and provide them with the products. They bear risk and negotiations are also handled by them. These parties absolve company from appointing more personnel and funds for the activity of mere transportation and inventory holding from warehouse to the distributor. Micro Distributors: They are the primary buyer of company. The sharing of information, risking and payment are carried out between regional distributors and distributors and then between regional and company. Distributors provide market coverage to the company also create orders. In Spice mobile, promotion activity is carried out by distributors. Retailers: They usually undertake all the functions and transfer the physical possession and ownership to customers. They usually only perform promotion along with company, for rest of the function they interact with distributors. They act as the final source of information and payment to the company. Members Regional distributors/Stockist Stockist / Micro Distributor Retailer Role Involved in the business of re-distribution to authorized micro distributors Responsible for warehousing, transport of goods to next tier and payment collection May be non-exclusive, but have separate set-up for each business Involved in the business of re-distribution to wholesalers and retailers May be exclusive to the business Includes all classes of retail outlets Involved in counter sales and not in the business of redistribution Not required to be exclusive to the business Resources High financial strength with ability to hold stocks Infrastructure Office, IT capability, godown space High financial strength with ability to hold stocks and provide credit in the market Infrastructure IT Limited spend on localized sales promotion Appropriate store location and size SALES TEAM STRUCTURE: SPICE ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN SPICE SALES AND DISTRIBUTION Multiple Micro distributors in a given territory Having multiple distributors in a territory can spell problems for the company because when two or more distributors supply to the same retailer it can cause disputes. Also the distributors do not pledge loyalty to the company. This problem is faced in dense markets like NCR where distributors are very closely located. Like in Gurgaon sector 14 market, spice distributor itself is doing retailing as well although there are other retail stores in the market whom he himself sell! There is a clear limited control over distribution; i.e. spice people cannot take action against any non performer or in some cases high performer doing some leakage in the system. The company does not have any MIS at the distributor level The company does not have any MIS at the distributor level where it can measure the sales done by the distributor. The distributors have their own software in which they fill in their sales of a period and send it to the company. Thus secondary sales are not captured frequently and spice is dependent on distributor for this data. It seems spice is not at all interested in tracking the final sales. There is no clear cut liability of goods damaged in transportation As told by the distributors, there is no clear cut rule for the liability of the goods damaged in transportation. Sometimes it is borne by the company and sometimes by the distributor. But if the value of the damaged goods is significantly high, it can result in a conflict between the company and the distributor. No exclusive retail stores to capture urban markets Spice has a very strong presence in tier 2 and tier 3 towns. But, in metros and tier 1 cities they fall way behind Nokia, Samsung etc. One reason is that spice on mobile store, Hotspot doesnt work on exclusive spice model but carry a full range of competitor products. Thus to capture the interest of urban consumer, apart from new higher end models, spice also need a strong independent stores more in the lines of Nokia priority dealers as part of its distribution network. No dedicated sales force to monitor distributor As per our discussion with Spice distributor and Spice sales team, sales person or ISDs are on a pay scale of State distributor. Although their targets and region is set by distributor, sometimes with the help of Area sales manager, since ASM does not have any ownership of sales force, all push efforts and execution of sales plans cannot be tracked to a definite level.

Analysis of Glory Essay -- Movies Film Glory Civil War Essays

Analysis of Glory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Glory is a movie about the fifty-fourth Massachusetts regiment in the civil war. This was the first all black regiment the Union ever allowed to fight. Throughout the movie one quote kept proving itself true, â€Å"We went down standing up.† The members of the fifty-fourth proved that they wanted to go down standing up just by joining the army. However there were many situations that proved this further, as the film continued.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the regiment’s training period a message arrived at the camp. This message was a warning that all blacks found by confederates would be put to death, as well as their commanding officers. As a result of this warning Colonel Shaw was accepting any soldier’s resignations on the following morning. That morning Shaw was not expecting to see very many soldiers remaining, but to his surprise most all of the men were still there. With this act the men illustrated great bravery, and a willingness to take a stand for their beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another example of the quote occurred in the black regiment’s training camp. Soldiers were supposed to be paid thirteen dollars a month, but due to the fact that the regiment was black, they were to be paid only ten dollars. The soldiers refused to accept the pay cut and the prejudice that came along with it. They simply went without pay. They may have suffered an injustice by not getting any money for their services, but they would rather not have the money if it meant taking the racism that...

Economic Structure Of The Mafia :: essays research papers

The Mafia is viewed by many people as a bunch of gangsters like those that they might see on movies such as Goodfellas, The Godfather, or Donnie Brascoe. In all actuality the Mafia represents much more than that, it is an entity within itself. The original Sicilian Mafia was just a group of families controlling certain territories in which they each laid claim to. These families were headed by a dominant male and were usually in competition with other families. The members of these families would engage into various "illegal and legal businesses with each other and outsiders" (Fiorienti and Peltzman 38). In the introduction to The Economics of Organized Crime, Fiorentini and Peltzman claim that between the years of 1860and maybe ranging all the way to 1957, the "Mafia was not a membership organization but a natural outgrowth of culture, politics and law enforcement" (Peltzman 38). Many have tried to eliminate the Mafia from its’ "control" of the underworld and its’ stranglehold on politicians and government. Under the fascist movement in the late 20’s and 30’s of Cesare Mori, Mori tried to eliminate the Mafia in any way in which he could. This attempt at elimination was quite unsuccessful since the Mafia’s base was so far ranging. ""Arlachhi (1986 44-5) concluded in 1983 "there does not exist a centralized criminal organized called the Mafia… The cosca mafiosa is a simple organism but a solid one, without formalism or bureaucracy. Within it are neither statutory ordinances, initiation rites nor courts of judgment"" (Fiorienti and Peltzman 38). This is in contrast as to what others recognize as organized crime. In direct retrospect to his earlier writings, Arlacchi claims that, through interviews with Mafia members, there is a more formal organization within the Mafia and that the Mafia does have initiations. The United States Mafia definitely was different than the Sicilian Mafia when trying to generalize them. The American Mafia consisted of only around 24 families whereas the Sicilian Mafia consisted of hundreds of families. These families were much larger than their Sicilian counterparts and that the families were most definitely organized and formal. " A detailed case-study of one of these families and its legal and illegal activities as of 1970 (Anderson, 1979) found that the Mafia family itself was not a firm; rather, its members entered into various businesses on their own account" (Fiorentini and Peltzman 39).

Analysis of Durkheim’s “The Elementary Forms of Religious Essay

As described in Durkheim’s The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, a totem is apparent in every society. A totem is a symbolic figure of some creature, being, or thing that represents the sanctity and principle of god. Essentially, a totem is a profane, ordinary object that has been deemed by society to have some holy, sacred characteristics. With this being said, the object itself does not have any holy or sacred qualities; rather it is merely the representation of the totem that holds these characteristics. For example, if a society’s totem is a turtle then an actual turtle would merely be a turtle, but when the turtle is presented as a totemic emblem then this symbolic representation of the turtle is sacred. Durkheim argues that, because the totem is a socially constructed representation of god then the totem itself represents society as well. Durkheim makes this assumption evidently clear by stating that â€Å"the god of the clan, the totemic principle, can therefore be nothing else than the clan itself, personified and represented to the imagination under the visible form of the animal or vegetable which serves as totem. From this, one can conclude that Durkheim viewed the worship of totem as worshipping society. Durkheim goes on to make the argument that god and society are â€Å"equivalent. † God is an outside, figurative force that holds the people worshiping it to certain manners and actions. The act of worshipping said god or totem is an indication that the follow ers, believers, or worshipers are dependent upon this force to determine the actions they partake in, the behaviors they exhibit and so on. God and religion exist in order to keep people â€Å"in line† via ritualized activities and setting moral and ethical guidelines that people abide by. Society, in and of itself, possesses the same qualities. The norms and values of a society, which for the most part have been incorporated into the moral and ethical guidelines laid out in the society’s religion, are followed whether or not they are in line with the individuals intrinsic nature. Because of this characteristic, society is itself an outside force that people are dependent on, whether or not they acknowledge it. Lastly, Durkheim acknowledges that these ritualized activities and shared moral values foster the social solidarity and cohesion of society. By partaking in shared activities, whether it be the Islamic ritual of praying to Allah multiple times a day, the American tradition of singing of the national anthem before the first pitch of a baseball game, or the Catholic ritual of aking communion, we are acknowledging that we belong to a group or society. Common activities help establish what Durkheim refers to as â€Å"collective consciousness†, that is a specified set of beliefs and values that are common to members of a given society or group. Praying to the same god or praising the same society, which according to Durkheim are one in the same, encourages the development and maintenance of a collectively held set of morals, values, ethics, and belief s.